Clinical anaplasmosis is usually diagnosed upon examination of stained blood smears. After infection, individuals remain life-long carriers. Recreational activities or any other high-risk tick exposure habits as well as blood transfusion are important risk factors of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Movement of susceptible domestic animals from tick free non-endemic regions to disease endemic regions is the major risk factor of bovine anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever. All age groups are susceptible, but the prevalence increases with age. Concurrent infections exist in ticks, domestic and wild animals in same geographic area. The infection in domestic animals is generally referred as tick-borne fever. phagocytophilum, a cosmopolitan zoonotic tick transmitted pathogen of wide mammalian hosts. Bovine anaplasmosis is globally distributed tick-borne disease of livestock with great economic importance in cattle industry. phagocytophilum and compare major similarities and differences of A. The objective of current review is to provide knowledge on ecology and epidemiology of A. These DCs may be used as a cellular vaccine to induce anti-tumor immunity in patients with CMML.Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are the most important tick-borne bacteria of veterinary and public health significance in the family Anaplasmataceae. In addition, we present data that generation of CMML-derived DCs is also possible under fetal calf serum-free conditions for a potential clinical use. The demonstration of a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7, del(7)(q22), in 86% of highly enriched CD1a + cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) indicates the leukemic origin of generated DCs. CMML-derived DCs are potent stimulators of the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) when compared with uncultivated cells. When a CD14 + cell population is used for DC generation, a homogeneous differentiation towards the DC lineage occurs similar to that, observed in normal peripheral blood monocytes. Upon culture with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plus interleukin-4 (IL-4) plus tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), CMML cells develop DC morphology and acquire the phenotypic characteristics of DCs. In this study we demonstrate that peripheral blood cells of patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) can be induced to acquire DC characteristics. Dendritic cells (DCs), as professional antigen-presenting cells, therefore, may be therapeutically used to initiate or enhance immune responses in patients with malignancies. Failure of the immune system to eliminate tumor cells may be, among other factors, due to an insufficient presentation of tumor antigens. It is generally believed that the immune system plays a role not only in the acquisition of malignant diseases but also in the rejection of microscopic as well as established tumor cells.
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